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. The wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in Europe for theperiod 1990–2010 was estimated by six atmospheric chemistry transport models(CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MATCH and MINNI) within theframework of the EURODELTA-Trends model intercomparison. The simulated wetdeposition and its trends for two 11-year periods (1990–2000 and2000–2010) were evaluated using data from observations from the EMEPEuropean monitoring network. For annual wet deposition of oxidised nitrogen(WNOx), model bias was within 30 % of the average of the observations formost models. There was a tendency for most models to underestimate annual wetdeposition of reduced nitrogen (WNHx), although the model bias was within 40 %of the average of the observations. Model bias for WNHx was inverselycorrelated with model bias for atmospheric concentrations of NH 3 + NH 4 + , suggesting that an underestimation of wet deposition partiallycontributed to an overestimation of atmospheric concentrations. Model biaswas also within about 40 % of the average of the observations for theannual wet deposition of sulfur (WSOx) for most models. Decreasing trends in WNOx were observed at most sites for both 11-yearperiods, with larger trends, on average, for the second period. The modelsalso estimated predominantly decreasing trends at the monitoring sites andall but one of the models estimated larger trends, on average, for the secondperiod. Decreasing trends were also observed at most sites for WNHx, althoughlarger trends, on average, were observed for the first period. This patternwas not reproduced by the models, which estimated smaller decreasing trends,on average, than those observed or even small increasing trends. The largestobserved trends were for WSOx, with decreasing trends at more than 80 %of the sites. On average, the observed trends were larger for the firstperiod. All models were able to reproduce this pattern, although some modelsunderestimated the trends (by up to a factor of 4) and othersoverestimated them (by up to 40 %), on average. These biases in modelledtrends were directly related to the tendency of the models to under- oroverestimate annual wet deposition and were smaller for the relative trends(expressed as % yr −1 relative to the deposition at the start of theperiod). The fact that model biases were fairly constant throughout the time seriesmakes it possible to improve the predictions of wet deposition for futurescenarios by adjusting the model estimates using a bias correction calculatedfrom past observations. An analysis of the contributions of various factorsto the modelled trends suggests that the predominantly decreasing trends inwet deposition are mostly due to reductions in emissions of the precursors NOx , NH3 and SOx . However, changesin meteorology (e.g. precipitation) and other (non-linear) interactionspartially offset the decreasing trends due to emission reductions during thefirst period but not the second. This suggests that the emission reductionmeasures had a relatively larger effect on wet deposition during the secondperiod, at least for the sites with observations.

An evaluation of European nitrogen and sulfur wet deposition and their trends estimated by six chemistry transport models for the period 1990–2010