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. Long-term trendsof the parameters related to convectionand instability obtained from 27 radiosonde stations across six subdivisionsover the Indian region during the period 1980–2016 are presented.  A total of16 parcel and instability parameters along with moisture content, wind shear,and thunderstorm and rainfall frequencies have been utilized for thispurpose. Robust fit regression analysis is employed on the regional averagetime series to calculate the long-term trends on both a seasonal and a yearlybasis. The level of free convection (LFC) and the equilibrium level (EL) heightare found to ascend significantly in all Indian subdivisions. Consequently,the coastal regions (particularly the western coast) experience increasesin severe thunderstorms (TSS) and severe rainfall (SRF) frequency in thepre-monsoon period, while the inland regions (especially Central India) experience anincrease in ordinary thunderstorms (TSO) and weak rainfall (WRF) frequency duringthe monsoon and post-monsoon periods.  The 16–20-year periodicity is found todominate the long-term trends significantly compared to other periodicitiesand the increase in TSS, and convective available potential energy (CAPE) isfound to be more severe after the year 1999. The enhancement in moisture transportand associated cooling at 100 hPa along with the dispersion of boundary layerpollutants are found to be the main causes for the increase in CAPE, which leadsto more convective severity in the coastal regions. However, in inlandregions, moisture-laden winds are absent and the presence of strong cappingeffect of pollutants on instability in the lower troposphere has resulted inmore convective inhibition energy (CINE). Hence, TSO and occurrences of WRF have increased particularly in these regions.

Long-term trends of instability and associated parameters over the Indian region obtained using a radiosonde network