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. TheBeijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region is a metropolitan area with the mostsevere fine particle (PM 2.5 ) pollution in China. An accurate emissioninventory plays an important role in air pollution control policy making. Inthis study, we develop a unit-based emission inventory for industrial sectorsin the BTH region, including power plants, industrial boilers, steel,non-ferrous metal smelting, coking plants, cement, glass, brick, lime,ceramics, refineries, and chemical industries, based on detailed informationfor each enterprise, such as location, annual production, productiontechnology/processes, and air pollution control facilities. In the BTHregion, the emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ), nitrogen oxide( NOx ), particulate matter with diameter less than10  µ m (PM 10 ), PM 2.5 , black carbon (BC), organic carbon(OC), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from industrialsectors were 869, 1164, 910, 622, 71, 63, and 1390 kt in 2014, respectively,accounting for a respective 61 %, 55 %, 62 %, 56 %, 58 %,22 %, and 36 % of the total emissions. Compared with the traditionalproxy-based emission inventory, much less emissions in the high-resolutionunit-based inventory are allocated to the urban centers due to the accuratepositioning of industrial enterprises. We apply the Community Multi-scale AirQuality (CMAQ; version 5.0.2) model simulation to evaluate the unit-basedinventory. The simulation results show that the unit-based emission inventoryshows better performance with respect to both PM 2.5 and gaseouspollutants than the proxy-based emission inventory. The normalized meanbiases (NMBs) are 81 %, 21 %, 1 %, and −7  % for theconcentrations of SO2 , NO2 , ozone ( O3 ), andPM 2.5 , respectively, with the unit-based inventory, in contrast to124 %, 39 %, −8  %, and 9 % with the proxy-based inventory;furthermore, the concentration gradients of PM 2.5 , which are defined asthe ratio of the urban concentration to the suburban concentration, are 1.6,2.1, and 1.5 in January and 1.3, 1.5, and 1.3 in July, for simulations withthe unit-based inventory, simulations with the proxy-based inventory, andobservations, respectively, in Beijing. For O3 , the correspondinggradients are 0.7, 0.5, and 0.9 in January and 0.9, 0.8, and 1.1 in July,implying that the unit-based emission inventory better reproduces thedistributions of pollutant emissions between the urban and suburban areas.

Development of a unit-based industrial emission inventory in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and resulting improvement in air quality modeling