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. Air pollutant emissions from open biomass burning (OBB) in theYangtze River Delta (YRD) were estimated for 2005–2015 using three(traditional bottom-up, fire radiative power (FRP), and constraining)approaches, and the differences among those methods and their sources wereanalyzed. The species included PM 10 , PM 2.5 , organic carbon (OC),elemental carbon (EC), CH4 , non-methane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), CO, CO2 , NOx , SO2 and NH3 .The interannual trends in emissions with FRP-based and constraining methodswere similar to the fire counts in 2005–2012, while those with thetraditional method were not. For most years, emissions of all speciesestimated with the constraining method were smaller than those with thetraditional method except for NMVOCs, while they were larger than those withthe FRP-based method except for EC, CH4 and NH3 . Suchdiscrepancies result mainly from different masses of crop residue burned inthe field (CRBF) estimated in the three methods. Chemistry transport modeling(CTM) was applied using the three OBB inventories. The simulated PM 10 concentrations with constrained emissions were closest to the availableobservations, implying that the constraining method provided the bestemission estimates. CO emissions in the three methods were compared withother studies. Similar temporal variations were found for the constrainedemissions, FRP-based emissions, GFASv1.0 and GFEDv4.1s, with the largest andthe lowest emissions estimated for 2012 and 2006, respectively. The temporalvariations in the emissions based on the traditional method, GFEDv3.0, andthe method of Xia et al. (2016) were different. The constrained CO emissionsin this study were commonly smaller than those based on the traditionalbottom-up method and larger than those based on burned area or FRP in otherstudies. In particular, the constrained emissions were close to GFEDv4.1sthat contained emissions from small fires. The contributions of OBB to twoparticulate pollution events in 2010 and 2012 were analyzed with thebrute-force method. Attributed to varied OBB emissions and meteorology, theaverage contribution of OBB to PM 10 concentrations in 8–14 June 2012was estimated at 37.6 % (56.7  µ g m −3 ), larger than thatin 17–24 June 2010 at 21.8 % (24.0  µ g m −3 ). Influencesof diurnal curves of OBB emissions and meteorology on air pollution caused byOBB were evaluated by designing simulation scenarios, and the resultssuggested that air pollution caused by OBB would become heavier if themeteorological conditions were unfavorable and that more attention should bepaid to the OBB control at night. Quantified with Monte Carlo simulation, theuncertainty of the traditional bottom-up inventory was smaller than that ofthe FRP-based one. The percentages of CRBF and emission factors were the mainsource of uncertainty for the two approaches. Further improvement on CTM forOBB events would help better constrain OBB emissions.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Quantification and evaluation of atmospheric pollutant emissions from open biomass burning with multiple methods: a case study for the Yangtze River Delta region, China