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. Past studies have suggested that ozone in the troposphere hasincreased globally throughout much of the 20th century due to increases inanthropogenic emissions and transport. We show, by combining satellitemeasurements with a chemical transport model, that during the last fourdecades tropospheric ozone does indeed indicate increases that are global innature, yet still highly regional. Satellite ozone measurements fromNimbus-7 and Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) are mergedwith ozone measurements from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument/Microwave LimbSounder (OMI/MLS) to determine trends in tropospheric ozone for 1979–2016.Both TOMS (1979–2005) and OMI/MLS (2005–2016) depict large increases intropospheric ozone from the Near East to India and East Asia and furthereastward over the Pacific Ocean. The 38-year merged satellite record showstotal net change over this region of about +6 to +7 Dobson units (DU)(i.e., ∼15  %–20 % of average background ozone), with thelargest increase ( ∼4  DU) occurring during the 2005–2016 Auraperiod. The Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemical transport model withtime-varying emissions is used to aid in the interpretation of troposphericozone trends for 1980–2016. The GMI simulation for the combined record alsodepicts the greatest increases of +6 to +7  DU over India and East Asia, verysimilar to the satellite measurements. In regions of significant increasesin tropospheric column ozone (TCO) the trends are a factor of 2–2.5 largerfor the Aura record when compared to the earlier TOMS record; for India and East Asia the trends in TCO for both GMI and satellite measurements are ∼ + 3  DU decade −1 or greater during 2005–2016 comparedto about +1.2 to +1.4  DU decade −1 for 1979–2005. The GMI simulationand satellite data also reveal a tropospheric ozone increases in ∼ + 4 to +5  DU for the 38-year record over central Africaand the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Both the GMI simulation andsatellite-measured tropospheric ozone during the latter Aura time periodshow increases of ∼ + 3  DU decade −1 over the N Atlanticand NE Pacific.

Trends in global tropospheric ozone inferred from a composite record of TOMS/OMI/MLS/OMPS satellite measurements and the MERRA-2 GMI simulation