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. Based on published literature and typicalprofiles from the Nankai University source library, a total of 3326chemical profiles of the main primary sources of ambient particulate matter(PM) across China from 1987 to 2017 are investigated and reviewed to trace theevolution of their main components and identify the main influencing factorsconcerning their evolution. In general, the source chemical profiles are variedwith respect to their sources and are influenced by different sampling methods.The most complicated profiles are likely attributed to coal combustion (CC) and industrial emissions (IE).The profiles of vehicle emissions (VE) are dominated by organic carbon (OC) andelemental carbon (EC), and vary due to the changing standards of sulfur andadditives in gasoline and diesel as well as the sampling methods used. Inaddition to the sampling methods used, the profiles of biomass burning (BB) and cookingemissions (CE) are also impacted by the different biofuel categories and cooking types,respectively. The variations of the chemical profiles of different sources,and the homogeneity of the subtype source profiles within the same sourcecategory are examined using uncertainty analysis and cluster analysis. As aresult, a relatively large variation is found in the source profiles ofCC, VE, IE, and BB, indicating that these sources urgently require the establishment of localprofiles due to their high uncertainties. The results presented highlight theneed for further investigation of more specific markers (e.g., isotopes,organic compounds, and gaseous precursors), in addition to routinely measuredcomponents, in order to properly discriminate sources. Although the chemical profiles of the main sources havebeen previously reported in the literature, it should be noted that some ofthese chemical profiles are currently out of date and need to be updatedimmediately. Additionally, in the future, specific focus should be placed on thesource profile subtypes, especially with respect to local IE in China.

Characteristics of the main primary source profiles of particulate matter across China from 1987 to 2017