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. Observations of total peroxy radical concentrations([ XO2 ]  ≡  [ RO2 ]  +  [ HO2 ]) madeby the Ethane CHemical AMPlifier (ECHAMP) and concomitant observations ofadditional trace gases made on board the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML)during May 2017 were used to characterize ozone production at three sites inthe San Antonio, Texas, region. Median daytime [ O3 ] was 48 ppbv atthe site downwind of central San Antonio. Higher concentrations of NO and XO2 at the downwind site also led to median daytime ozoneproduction rates (P(O3)) of 4.2 ppbv h −1 , a factorof 2 higher than at the two upwind sites. The 95th percentile of P(O3) at the upwind site was 15.1 ppbv h −1 ,significantly lower than values observed in Houston. In situ observations,as well as satellite retrievals of HCHO and NO2 , suggest that theregion was predominantly NOx -limited. Only approximately20 % of observations were in the VOC-limited regime, predominantly before11:00 EST, when ozone production was low. Biogenic volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) comprised 55 % of total OH reactivity at the downwindsite, with alkanes and non-biogenic alkenes responsible for less than10 % of total OH reactivity in the afternoon, when ozone production washighest. To control ozone formation rates at the three study siteseffectively, policy efforts should be directed at reducing NOx emissions. Observations in the urban center of SanAntonio are needed to determine whether this policy is true for the entireregion.

Characterization of ozone production in San Antonio, Texas, using measurements of total peroxy radicals