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. Size-resolved aerosol trends were investigated based on a17-year data set (2000–2017) from the rural background site Aspvretenlocated in southern Sweden (58.8∘ N, 17.4∘ E). Clusteranalysis of the size distributions was performed to aid in theinterpretation of the data. The results confirm previous findings ofdecreasing aerosol mass and number during the last decades as a result ofreduced anthropogenic emissions in Europe. We show that both particle modalnumber concentration and size have substantially been reduced during the last 17years. Negative trends in particle number concentration of about 10 cm−3 yr−1 are present for nuclei, Aitken, and accumulation modes. Intotal, integral particle number concentration has decreased by 30 %, from1860 to ca. 1300 cm−3. The reduction in modal numberconcentration is accompanied by a decrease in modal size, and this decreaseis largest for the accumulation mode (2 nm yr−1 or about 17 % for thewhole period). These reductions have resulted in a decrease in submicronparticle mass (&lt; 390 nm) by more than 50 % over the period2000–2017. These decreases are similar to observations found at otherstations in northern Europe. Although all size classes show a downward trend as annual averages, we alsoshow that observed trends are not evenly distributed over the year and thata rather complex picture emerges where both sign and magnitude of trendsvary with season and size. The strongest negative trends are present duringspring (accumulation mode) and autumn (Aitken mode). The strongest positivetrends are present during summer months (Aitken mode). The combinedtrajectory and data analyses do not present evidence for an increase in newparticle formation formed locally, although some evidence of increased newparticle formation some distance away from the receptor is present. Observedaerosol size distribution data, together with an adiabatic cloud parcelmodel, were further used to estimate the change in cloud dropletconcentration for various assumptions of updraught velocities and aerosolchemical composition. The results indicate a substantial increase in theatmospheric brightening effect due to a reduction in cloud reflectivitycorresponding to 10 %–12 % reduction in cloud albedo over the period2000–2017.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

On the seasonal variation in observed size distributions in northern Europe and their changes with decreasing anthropogenic emissions in Europe: climatology and trend analysis based on 17 years of data from Aspvreten, Sweden