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. Anthropogenic aerosols have increased significantly since theindustrial revolution, driven largely by growth in emissions from energy usein sectors including power generation, industry, and transport. Advances inemission control technologies since around 1970, however, have partiallycounteracted emissions increases from the above sectors. Using thefully coupled Community Earth System Model, we quantify the effectiveradiative forcing (ERF) and climate response to 1970–2010 aerosol changesassociated with the above two policy-relevant emission drivers. Emissionsfrom energy-use growth generate a global mean aerosol ERF (mean  ±  1standard deviation) of - 0.31 ± 0.22  W m −2 and result in a global meancooling ( - 0.35 ± 0.17  K) and a precipitation reduction ( - 0.03 ± 0.02  mm d −1 ). By contrast, the avoided emissions from advances inemission control technology, which benefit air quality, generate a globalmean ERF of + 0.21 ± 0.23  W m −2 , a global warming of + 0.10 ± 0.13  K, and global mean precipitation increase of + 0.01 ± 0.02  mm d −1 . Despite the relatively smallchanges in global mean precipitation, these two emission drivers haveprofound impacts at regional scales, in particular over Asia and Europe. Thetotal net aerosol impacts on climate are dominated by energy-use growth,from Asia in particular. However, technology advances outweigh energy-usegrowth over Europe and North America. Various non-linear processes areinvolved along the pathway from aerosol and their precursor emissions to radiativeforcing and ultimately to climate responses, suggesting that the diagnosedaerosol forcing and effects must be interpreted in the context of experimentdesigns. Further, the temperature response per unit aerosol ERF variessignificantly across many factors, including location and magnitude ofemission changes, implying that ERF, and the related metrics, needs to beused very carefully for aerosols. Future aerosol-related emission pathwayshave large temporal and spatial uncertainties; our findings provide usefulinformation for both assessing and interpreting such uncertainties, and they mayhelp inform future climate change impact reduction strategies.

Significant climate impacts of aerosol changes driven by growth in energy use and advances in emission control technology