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. In a warming Arctic the increased occurrence of newparticle formation (NPF) is believed to originate from the declining icecoverage during summertime. Understanding the physico-chemical properties ofnewly formed particles, as well as mechanisms that control both particleformation and growth in this pristine environment, is important forinterpreting aerosol–cloud interactions, to which the Arctic climate can behighly sensitive. In this investigation, we present the analysis of NPF andgrowth in the high summer Arctic. The measurements were made on-boardresearch vessel Polarstern during the PS106 Arctic expedition. Fourdistinctive NPF and subsequent particle growth events were observed, duringwhich particle (diameter in a range 10–50 nm) number concentrationsincreased from background values of approx. 40 up to 4000 cm −3 . Basedon particle formation and growth rates, as well as hygroscopicity ofnucleation and the Aitken mode particles, we distinguished two differenttypes of NPF events. First, some NPF events were favored by negative ions,resulting in more-hygroscopic nucleation mode particles and suggestingsulfuric acid as a precursor gas. Second, other NPF events resulted inless-hygroscopic particles, indicating the influence of organic vapors onparticle formation and growth. To test the climatic relevance of NPF and itsinfluence on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) budget in the Arctic, weapplied a zero-dimensional, adiabatic cloud parcel model. At an updraftvelocity of 0.1 m s −1 , the particle number size distribution (PNSD)generated during nucleation processes resulted in an increase in the CCNnumber concentration by a factor of 2 to 5 compared to the background CCNconcentrations. This result was confirmed by the directly measured CCNnumber concentrations. Although particles did not grow beyond 50 nm indiameter and the activated fraction of 15–50 nm particles was on averagebelow 10 %, it could be shown that the sheer number of particles producedby the nucleation process is enough to significantly influence thebackground CCN number concentration. This implies that NPF can be an importantsource of CCN in the Arctic. However, more studies should be conducted inthe future to understand mechanisms of NPF, sources of precursor gases andcondensable vapors, as well as the role of the aged nucleation modeparticles in Arctic cloud formation.

New particle formation and its effect on cloud condensation nuclei abundance in the summer Arctic: a case study in the Fram Strait and Barents Sea