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. Ice cores are one of the most valuable paleo-archives. Records fromice cores provide information not only about the amount of dust in theatmosphere, but also about dust sources and their changes in the past. In2009, a 182 m long ice core was recovered from the western plateau of MtElbrus (5115 m a.s.l.). This record was further extended after a shallow icecore was drilled in 2013. Here we analyse Ca2+ concentrations, acommonly used proxy of dust, recorded in these Elbrus ice records over thetime period of 1774–2013 CE. The Ca2+ record reveals quasi-decadalvariability with a generally increasing trend. Using multiple regressionanalysis, we found a statistically significant spatial correlation of theElbrus Ca2+ summer concentrations with precipitation and soilmoisture content in the Levant region (specifically Syria and Iraq). The Ca2+ record also correlates with drought indices in North Africa( r=0.67 , p ) and Middle East regions ( r=0.71 , p ). Dust concentrations prominently increase in the ice core over thepast 200 years, confirming that the recent droughts in the Fertile Crescent(1998–2012 CE) present the most severe aridity experienced in at least thepast two centuries. For the most recent 33 years recorded (1979–2012 CE),significant correlations exist between Ca2+ and Pacific circulationindices (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Southern Oscillation Index andNino 4), which suggests that the increased frequency of extreme ElNino and La Nina events due to a warming climate has extended theirinfluence to the Middle East. Evidence demonstrates that the increase in Ca2+ concentration in the ice core cannot be attributed to humanactivities, such as coal combustion and cement production.

The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 2: history of desert dust deposition