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. This study reports on the glaciochemistry of a deep icecore (182 m long) drilled in 2009 at Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, Russia.Radiocarbon dating of the particulate organic carbon fraction in the icesuggests that the basal ice dates to 280±400  CE (Common Era).Based on chemical stratigraphy, the upper 168.6 m of the core was dated bycounting annual layers. The seasonally resolved chemical records cover theyears 1774–2009 CE, thus being useful to reconstruct many aspects ofatmospheric pollution in south-eastern Europe from pre-industrial times tothe present day. After having examined the extent to which the arrival of largedust plumes originating from the Sahara and Middle East modifies the chemicalcomposition of the Elbrus (ELB) snow and ice layers, we focus on thedust-free sulfur pollution. The ELB dust-free sulfate levels indicate a 6-and 7-fold increase from 1774–1900 to 1980–1995 in winter and summer,respectively. Remaining close to 55±10  ppb during the 19thcentury, the annual dust-free sulfate levels started to rise at a mean rateof ∼3  ppb per year from 1920 to 1950. The annual increaseaccelerated between 1950 and 1975 (8 ppb per year), with levels reaching amaximum between 1980 and 1990 ( 376±10  ppb) and subsequentlydecreasing to 270±18  ppb at the beginning of the 21stcentury. Long-term dust-free sulfate trends observed in the ELB ice coresare compared with those previously obtained in Alpine and Altai (Siberia)ice, with the most important differences consisting in a much earlier onset and amore pronounced decrease in the sulfur pollution over the last 3 decadesin western Europe than south-eastern Europe and Siberia.

The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 1: reconstruction of past anthropogenic sulfur emissions in south-eastern Europe