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. Located in the world's “third pole” and a remote regionconnecting the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, Qomolangma NationalNature Preserve (QNNP) is an ideal region to study the long-range transportof atmospheric pollutants. In this study, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM),gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) werecontinuously measured during the Indian monsoon transition period in QNNP. Aslight increase in the GEM concentration was observed from the period preceding theIndian summer monsoon ( 1.31±0.42  ng m −3 ) to the Indiansummer monsoon period ( 1.44±0.36  ng m −3 ), while significantdecreases were observed in the GOM and PBM concentrations, with concentrationsdecreasing from 35.2±18.6 to 19.3±10.9  pg m −3 ( p  ) for GOM and from 30.5±12.5 to 24.9±19.8  pg m −3 ( p  ) for PBM. A unique daily pattern wasobserved in QNNP with respect to the GEM concentration,with a peak value before sunrise and a low value at noon.Relative to the (low) GEM concentrations, GOM concentrations (with a mean valueof 21.4±13.4  pg m −3 , n=1239 ) in this region were relativelyhigh compared with the measured values in some other regions of China. Acluster analysis indicated that the air masses transported to QNNP changedsignificantly at different stages of the monsoon, and the major potential mercury(Hg) sources shifted from northern India and western Nepal to eastern Nepal and Bangladesh.As there is a large area covered in glaciers in QNNP, local glacierwinds could increase the transboundary transport of pollutants and transportpolluted air masses to the Tibetan Plateau. The atmospheric Hg concentrationin QNNP in the Indian summer monsoon period was influenced by transboundaryHg flows. This highlights the need for a more specific identification of Hgsources impacting QNNP and underscores the importance of internationalcooperation regarding global Hg controls.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

First measurement of atmospheric mercury species in Qomolangma Natural Nature Preserve, Tibetan Plateau, and evidence oftransboundary pollutant invasion