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. Due to increased concerns regarding air pollutants emitted from shipping, feasible technology for the surveillance of these pollutants is in high demand. Here, wepresent shore-based multi-axis differential optical absorptionspectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of SO2 and NO2 emitted fromships under different traffic conditions in China's ship emission controlareas (ECAs) in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China. Three typical measurement siteswere selected in these two regions to represent the following emission scenarios: shipsdocked at berth, ships navigating in an inland waterway and inbound/outbound ships ina deep-water port. Using 2-D scanning, the observations show that SO2 and NO2 hot spots can be quickly and easily located frommultiple berths. Although MAX-DOAS measurements can not distinguishplumes from specific ships in the busy shipping lanes of the inland waterway area, theycertify that variations in the SO2 and NO2 levels are mainlyimpacted by the ship traffic density and the atmospheric dispersion conditions.In the open water area, which has a lower vessel density, MAX-DOASmeasurements can capture the pulse signal of ship-emitted SO2 and NO2 very well; they can also characterize the peak's altitude and the insistentduration of the individual ship plumes. Combined with the ship activity data, information on the rated power of the engine and the fuel sulfur content, it wasfound that the SO2∕NO2 ratio in a single plume is usually low(< 1.5) for inbound vessels due to the usage of the auxiliary engine, which hasless power and uses “clean” fuel with a low sulfur content. Thus, an unexpectedlyhigh SO2∕NO2 ratio implies the use of fuel with a sulfur contentexceeding the regulation limits. Therefore, the observed SO2∕NO2 ratio in the plume of a single ship can be used as an index to indicatecompliance (or noncompliance) with respect to the fuel sulfur content, and the suspicious ship can then be flagged forfurther enforcement. Combining the ship emissions estimated by actualoperation parameters and the logical sulfur content, shore-based MAX-DOASmeasurements will provide a fast and more accurate way to surveilship emissions.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Surveillance of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; from ship emissions by MAX-DOAS measurements and the implications regarding fuel sulfur content compliance