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. This modeling study presents the sectoral contributions of anthropogenicemissions in the four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden)on air pollution levels and the associated health impacts and costs over theNordic and the Arctic regions for the year 2015. The Danish EulerianHemispheric Model (DEHM) has been used on a 50 km resolution over Europe intagged mode in order to calculate the response of a 30 % reduction of eachemission sector in each Nordic country individually. The emission sectorsconsidered in the study were energy production, non-industrial/commercialheating, industry, traffic, off-road mobile sources and wastemanagement/agriculture. In total, 28 simulations were carried out. Followingthe air pollution modeling, the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA)model has been used to calculate the associated premature mortality andtheir costs. Results showed that more than 80 % of the PM 2.5 concentration was attributed to transport from outside these four countries,implying an effort outside the Nordic region in order to decrease thepollutant levels over the area. The leading emission sector in each countrywas found to be non-industrial combustion (contributing by more than 60 %to the total PM 2.5 mass coming from the country itself), except forSweden, where industry contributed to PM 2.5 with a comparable amount tonon-industrial combustion. In addition to non-industrial combustion, thenext most important source categories were industry, agriculture andtraffic. The main chemical constituent of PM 2.5 concentrations thatcomes from the country itself is calculated to be organic carbon in allcountries, which suggested that non-industrial wood burning was the dominantnational source of pollution in the Nordic countries. We have estimated thetotal number of premature mortality cases due to air pollution to be around4000 in Denmark and Sweden and around 2000 in Finland and Norway. Thesepremature mortality cases led to a total cost of EUR 7 billion in theselected Nordic countries. The assessment of the related premature mortalityand associated cost estimates suggested that non-industrial combustion,together with industry and traffic, will be the main sectors to be targetedin emission mitigation strategies in the future.

Contributions of Nordic anthropogenic emissions on air pollution and premature mortality over the Nordic region and the Arctic