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. The lack of a comprehensive, up-to-date emission inventory for theHimalayan region is a major challenge in understanding the extensiveregional air pollution, including its causes, impacts and mitigationpathways. This study describes a high-resolution (1 km  ×  1 km)present-day emission inventory for Nepal, developed with a higher-tierapproach. The complete study is divided into two parts; this paper coverstechnologies and combustion sources in residential, industrial, commercial,agricultural diesel-use and transport sectors as Part I (NEEMI-Tech), whileemissions from the open burning of municipal waste and agricultural residue infields and fugitive emissions from waste management, paddy fields, entericfermentation and manure management for the period 2001–2016 will be coveredin Part II (NEEMI-Open). The national total energy consumption (excepthydropower, solar and wind energy) estimated in the base year 2011 was 374 PJ, with the residential sector being the largest energy consumer (79 %),followed by industry (11 %) and the transport sector (7 %). Biomass isthe dominant energy source, contributing to 88 % of the national totalenergy consumption, while the rest is from fossil fuel. A total of 8.9 Tg of CO2 , 110 Gg of CH4 , 2.1 Gg of N2O , 64 Gg of NOx , 1714 Gg of CO, 407 Gg of NMVOCs, 195 Gg of PM 2.5 , 23 Gg of BC, 83 Gg of OC and 24 Gg of SO2 emissionswere estimated in 2011 from the five energy-use sectors considered inNEEMI-Tech. The Nepal emission inventory provides, for the first time, temporal trends of fuel andenergy consumption and associated emissions in Nepal for a long period,2001–2016. The energy consumption showed an increase by a factor of 1.6 in2016 compared to 2001, while the emissions of various species increased by afactor of 1.2–2.4. An assessment of the top polluting technologies showsparticularly high emissions from traditional cookstoves and space-heatingpractices using biomass. In addition, high emissions were also computed fromfixed-chimney Bull's trench kilns (FCBTKs) in brick production, cement kilns,two-wheeler gasoline vehicles, heavy-duty diesel freight vehicles and kerosenelamps. The monthly analysis shows December, January and February as periodsof high PM 2.5 emissions from the technology-based sources considered in thisstudy. Once the full inventory including open burning and fugitive sources(Part II) is available, a more complete picture of the strength and temporalvariability in the emissions and sources will be possible. Furthermore, thelarge spatial variation in the emissions highlights the pockets of growingurbanization, which emphasize the importance of the detailed knowledgeabout the emission sources that this study provides. These emissions will beof value for further studies, especially air-quality-modeling studiesfocused on understanding the likely effectiveness of air pollutionmitigation measures in Nepal.

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016