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Abstract. Fire emissions are a critical component of carbon and nutrient cycles andstrongly affect climate and air quality. Dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) with interactive fire modeling provide important estimates forlong-term and large-scale changes in fire emissions. Here we present thefirst multi-model estimates of global gridded historical fire emissions for1700–2012, including carbon and 33 species of trace gases and aerosols. Thedataset is based on simulations of nine DGVMs with differentstate-of-the-art global fire models that participated in the Fire ModelingIntercomparison Project (FireMIP), using the same and standardized protocolsand forcing data, and the most up-to-date fire emission factor table basedon field and laboratory studies in various land cover types. We evaluate thesimulations of present-day fire emissions by comparing them withsatellite-based products. The evaluation results show that most DGVMssimulate present-day global fire emission totals within the range ofsatellite-based products. They can capture the high emissions over thetropical savannas and low emissions over the arid and sparsely vegetatedregions, and the main features of seasonality. However, most models fail tosimulate the interannual variability, partly due to a lack of modeling peatfires and tropical deforestation fires. Before the 1850s, all models showonly a weak trend in global fire emissions, which is consistent with themulti-source merged historical reconstructions used as input data for CMIP6.On the other hand, the trends are quite different among DGVMs for the 20thcentury, with some models showing an increase and others a decrease in fireemissions, mainly as a result of the discrepancy in their simulatedresponses to human population density change and land use and land coverchange (LULCC). Our study provides an important dataset for furtherdevelopment of regional and global multi-source merged historicalreconstructions, analyses of the historical changes in fire emissions andtheir uncertainties, and quantification of the role of fire emissions in theEarth system. It also highlights the importance of accurately modeling theresponses of fire emissions to LULCC and population density change inreducing uncertainties in historical reconstructions of fire emissions andproviding more reliable future projections.

Historical (1700–2012) global multi-model estimates of the fire emissions from the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP)