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. The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) WestAntarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) provided a highly detailed set ofremote-sensing and surface observations to study Antarctic clouds andsurface energy balance, which have received much less attention thanfor the Arctic due to greater logistical challenges. Limited prior Antarcticcloud observations have slowed the progress of numerical weather predictionin this region. The AWARE observations from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide during December 2015and January 2016 are used to evaluate the operational forecasts of theAntarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) and new simulations with the PolarWeather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 3.9.1. The Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations are conducted with the WRFsingle-moment 5-class microphysics (WSM5C) used by the AMPS and with newergeneration microphysics schemes. The AMPS simulates few liquid clouds duringsummer at the WAIS Divide, which is inconsistent with observations of frequent low-levelliquid clouds. Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations show that this result is aconsequence of WSM5C. More advanced microphysics schemes simulate more cloudliquid water and produce stronger cloud radiative forcing, resulting indownward longwave and shortwave radiation at the surface more in agreementwith observations. Similarly, increased cloud fraction is simulated with themore advanced microphysics schemes. All of the simulations, however, producesmaller net cloud fractions than observed. Ice water paths vary less betweenthe simulations than liquid water paths. The colder and drier atmospheredriven by the GlobalForecast System (GFS) initial and boundary conditions for AMPS forecasts produceslesser cloud amounts than the Polar WRF 3.9.1 simulations driven byERA-Interim.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Microphysics of summer clouds in central West Antarctica simulated by the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)