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. In the summer of 2017, heavy ozone pollution swamped most of the North ChinaPlain (NCP), with the maximum regional average of daily maximum 8 h ozoneconcentration (MDA8) reaching almost 120 ppbv. In light of the continuingreduction of anthropogenic emissions in China, the underlying mechanisms forthe occurrences of these regional extreme ozone episodes are elucidated fromtwo perspectives: meteorology and biogenic emissions. The significantpositive correlation between MDA8 ozone and temperature, which is amplifiedduring heat waves concomitant with stagnant air and no precipitation,supports the crucial role of meteorology in driving high ozoneconcentrations. We also find that biogenic emissions are enhanced due tofactors previously not considered. During the heavy ozone pollution episodesin June 2017, biogenic emissions driven by high vapor pressure deficit(VPD), land cover change and urban landscape yield an extra mean MDA8 ozoneof 3.08, 2.79 and 4.74 ppbv, respectively, over the NCP, which togethercontribute as much to MDA8 ozone as biogenic emissions simulated using theland cover of 2003 and ignoring VPD and urban landscape. In Beijing, thebiogenic emission increase due to urban landscape has a comparable effect onMDA8 ozone to the combined effect of high VPD and land cover change between2003 and 2016. In light of the large effect of urban landscape on biogenicemission and the subsequent ozone formation, the types of trees may becautiously selected to take into account of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission during the afforestation of cities. This study highlights the vital contributions ofheat waves, land cover change and urbanization to the occurrence of extremeozone episodes, with significant implications for ozone pollution control ina future when heat wave frequency and intensity are projected to increaseunder global warming.

Substantial ozone enhancement over the North China Plain from increased biogenic emissions due to heat waves and land cover in summer 2017