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. Several field campaigns were conducted in the framework of theDynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA)project to measure a broad range of atmospheric constituents. Here wepresent the analysis of an unprecedented and comprehensive datasetintegrating up to 56 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from ambientsites and emission sources. VOCs were collected on multi-sorbent tubes in thecoastal city of Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, in winter and summer 2016 andlater analysed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization and massspectrometer detectors (GC-FID and GC-MS) at the laboratory. The comparison between VOC emission source profiles and ambient profilessuggests the substantial impact of two-stroke motorized two-wheel vehiclesand domestic fires on the composition of Abidjan's atmosphere. However,despite high VOC concentrations near-source, moderate ambient levels wereobserved (by factors of 10 to 4000 lower), similar to the concentrationsobserved in northern mid-latitude urban areas. Besides photochemistry, thereported high wind speeds seem to be an essential factor that regulates airpollution levels in Abidjan. Emission ratios ( ΔVOC∕ΔCO ) were established based onreal-world measurements achieved for a selected number of representativecombustion sources. Maximum measured molar mass emissions were observed fromtwo-wheel vehicles, surpassing other regional sources by 2 orders ofmagnitude. Local practices like waste burning also make a significantcontribution to VOC emissions, higher than those from light-duty vehicles by1.5 to 8 orders of magnitude. These sources also largely govern the VOC'satmospheric impacts in terms of OH reactivity, secondary organic aerosolformation (SOAP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). Whilethe contribution of aromatics dominates the atmospheric impact, ourmeasurements reveal the systematic presence of anthropogenic terpenoids inall residential combustion sectors. Finally, emission factors were used toretrieve and quantify VOC emissions from the main anthropogenic sourcesectors at the national level. Our detailed estimation of VOC emissionssuggests that the road transport sector is the dominant source in Coted'Ivoire, emitting around 1200  Gg yr−1 of gas-phase VOCs. These newestimates are 100 and 160 times larger than global inventory estimationsfrom MACCity or EDGAR (v4.3.2), respectively. Additionally, the residentialsector is largely underestimated in the global emission inventories, byfactors of 13 to 43. Considering only Cote d'Ivoire, these new estimatesfor VOCs are 3 to 6 times higher than the whole of Europe. Given thesignificant underestimation of VOC emissions from the transport and residentialsectors in Cote d'Ivoire, there is an urgent need to build morerealistic and region-specific emission inventories for the entire WestAfrican region. This might be true not only for VOCs, but also for all atmosphericpollutants. The lack of waste burning, wood fuel burning and charcoalburning, and fabrication representation in regional inventories also needs tobe addressed, particularly in low-income areas where these types ofactivities are ubiquitous sources of VOC emissions.

Anthropogenic VOCs in Abidjan, southern West Africa: from source quantification to atmospheric impacts