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. An integrated observation of aerosol aminiums wasconducted in a coastal city (Shanghai) in eastern China, a nearby island(Huaniao Island), and over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea (YECS).Triethylaminium (TEAH + ) was abundant over Shanghai but not detectedover the island and the open seas, suggesting its predominantly terrestrialorigin. By contrast, relatively high concentrations of dimethylaminium(DMAH + ) and trimethylaminium  +  diethylaminium (TMDEAH + ) weremeasured over the ocean sites, indicating the significant marine sourcecontribution. Environmental factors, including boundary layer height (BLH),temperature, atmospheric oxidizing capacity and relative humidity, werefound to be related to aminium concentrations. All the detected aminiumsdemonstrated the highest levels in winter in Shanghai, consistent with thelowest BLH and temperature in this season. Aminiums mainly existed in fineparticles and showed a bimodal distribution, with two peaks at 0.18–0.32  µ m and 0.56–1.0  µ m, indicating that condensation and cloudprocessing were the main formation pathways for aminiums in analogy with NH 4 + and non-sea-salt SO 4 2 - (nss-SO 4 2 - ).Nonetheless, a unimodal distribution for aerosol aminiums was usuallymeasured over the YECS or over Huaniao Island when influenced mainly bythe marine air mass, which suggested that aminiums in marine aerosols mayundergo different formation pathways from those on the land. Terrestrialanthropogenic sources and marine biogenic sources were both importantcontributors for DMAH + and TMDEAH + , and the latter exhibited asignificantly higher TMDEAH + to DMAH + ratio. By using the massratio of methanesulfonate (MSA) to nss- SO 4 2 - as an indicator ofmarine biogenic source, we estimated that marine biogenic source contributedto 26 %–31 % and 53 %–78 % of aerosol aminiums over Huaniao Island in theautumn of 2016 and summer of 2017, respectively. Due to the important roleof atmospheric amines in new particle formation, the estimation resultshighlighted the importance of marine biogenic emission of amines on theeastern coast of China, especially in summer.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Characteristics and sources of aerosol aminiums over the eastern coast of China: insights from the integrated observations in a coastal city, adjacent island and surrounding marginal seas