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. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar measurements areused to examine the variation in vertical structure of precipitation withsea surface temperature (SST) over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal(BOB). The variation in reflectivity and precipitation echo top with SST isremarkable over the AS but small over the BOB. The reflectivity increaseswith SST (from 26 to 31  ∘ C) by ∼1 and 4 dBZ above and below 6 km, respectively, over the AS, while itsvariation is  dBZ over the BOB. The transition from shallowstorms at lower SSTs ( ≤27 ∘ C) to deeper storms at higherSSTs is strongly associated with the decrease in stability andmid-tropospheric wind shear over the AS. In contrary, the storms are deeper atall SSTs over the BOB due to weaker stability and mid-tropospheric windshear. At lower SSTs, the observed high aerosol optical depth (AOD) and lowtotal column water (TCW) over AS results in the small cloud effective radius(CER) and weaker reflectivity. As SST increases, AOD decreases and TCWincreases, leading to a large CER and high reflectivity. The changes in theseparameters with SST are marginal over the BOB and hence the CER andreflectivity. The predominance of collision–coalescence process below thebright band is responsible for the observed negative slopes in thereflectivity over both the seas. The observed variations in reflectivity originate at the cloud formation stage over both the seas, and thesevariations are magnified during the descent of hydrometeors to theground.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Variability in vertical structure of precipitation with sea surface temperature over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal as inferred by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar measurements