English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. Emissions from ships at berth play an important role regarding the exposureof high density human populations to atmospheric pollutants in port areas;however, these emissions are not well understood. In this study, volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) and particle emissions from 20 container ships atberth were sampled and analyzed during the “fuel switch” period at JingtangPort in Hebei Province, China. VOCs and particles were analyzed using a gaschromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a single particle aerosol massspectrometer (SPAMS), respectively. VOC analysis showed that alkanes andaromatics, especially benzene, toluene and heavier compounds e.g., n -heptane, n -octane and n -nonane, dominated the total identifiedspecies. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and ozone ( O3 )forming potential were0.017  ±  0.007 g SOA g −1  VOCs and2.63  ±  0.37 g  O3  g −1  VOCs, respectively. Both positive andnegative ion mass spectra from individual ships were derived and theintensity of specific ions were quantified. Results showed that elementalcarbon (35.74 %), elemental carbon–organic carbon mixtures (33.95 %)and Na-rich particles (21.12 %) were major classes, comprising 90.7 %of the particles observed. Particles from ship auxiliary engines were in the0.2 to 2.5  µ m size range, with a peak occurring at around0.4  µ m. The issue of using vanadium (V) as tracer element wasexamined, and it was found that V was not a proper tracer of ship emissionswhen using low sulfur content diesel oil. The average percentage of sulfateparticles observed in shipping emissions before and after switching to marinediesel oil remained unchanged at 24 %. Under certain wind conditions,when berths were upwind of emission sources, the ratios before and after1 January were 35 and 27 % respectively. The impact of atmosphericstability was discussed based on PM 2.5 and primary pollutant (carbonmonoxide) concentration. With a background of frequent haze episodes andcomplex mechanisms of particulate accumulation and secondary formation, theimpact of atmospheric stability is believed to have been weak on the sulfatecontribution from shipping emissions. The results from this study providerobust support for port area air quality assessment and source apportionment.

Characteristics of marine shipping emissions at berth: profiles for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds