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. We document, for the first time, how detailed vertical profiles of cloudfraction (CF) change diurnally between 51 ∘  S and 51 ∘  N, bytaking advantage of 15 months of measurements from the Cloud-AerosolTransport System (CATS) lidar on the non-sun-synchronous International SpaceStation (ISS). Over the tropical ocean in summer, we find few high clouds during daytime. Atnight they become frequent over a large altitude range (11–16 km between22:00 and 04:00 LT). Over the summer tropical continents,but not over ocean, CATS observations reveal mid-level clouds (4–8 km abovesea level or a.s.l.) persisting all day long, with a weak diurnal cycle(minimum at noon). Over the Southern Ocean, diurnal cycles appear for theomnipresent low-level clouds (minimum between noon and 15:00) andhigh-altitude clouds (minimum between 08:00 and 14:00). Both cycles are timeshifted, with high-altitude clouds following the changes in low-altitudeclouds by several hours. Over all continents at all latitudes during summer,the low-level clouds develop upwards and reach a maximum occurrence at about2.5 km a.s.l. in the early afternoon (around 14:00). Our work also shows that (1) the diurnal cycles of vertical profiles derivedfrom CATS are consistent with those from ground-based active sensors on alocal scale, (2) the cloud profiles derived from CATS measurements at localtimes of 01:30 and 13:30 are consistent with those observed from CALIPSO atsimilar times, and (3) the diurnal cycles of low and high cloud amounts (CAs)derived from CATS are in general in phase with those derived fromgeostationary imagery but less pronounced. Finally, the diurnal variabilityof cloud profiles revealed by CATS strongly suggests that CALIPSOmeasurements at 01:30 and 13:30 document the daily extremes of the cloudfraction profiles over ocean and are more representative of daily averagesover land, except at altitudes above 10 km where they capture part of thediurnal variability. These findings are applicable to other instruments withlocal overpass times similar to CALIPSO's, such as all the other A-Traininstruments and the future EarthCARE mission.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

The diurnal cycle of cloud profiles over land and ocean between 51° S and 51° N, seen by the CATS spaceborne lidar from the International Space Station