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. Anthropogenic methane emissions originate from a large number of fine-scaleand often transient point sources. Satellite observations of atmosphericmethane columns are an attractive approach for monitoring these emissions buthave limitations from instrument precision, pixel resolution, and measurementfrequency. Dense observations will soon be available in both low-Earth andgeostationary orbits, but the extent to which they can provide fine-scaleinformation on methane sources has yet to be explored. Here we present anobservation system simulation experiment (OSSE) to assess the capabilities ofdifferent satellite observing system configurations. We conduct a 1-weekWRF-STILT simulation to generate methane column footprints at1.3 × 1.3 km2 spatial resolution and hourly temporal resolutionover a 290 × 235 km2 domain in the Barnett Shale, a majoroil and gas field in Texas with a large number of point sources. We sub-samplethese footprints to match the observing characteristics of the recentlylaunched TROPOMI instrument (7 × 7 km2 pixels, 11 ppbprecision, daily frequency), the planned GeoCARB instrument(2.7 × 3.0 km2 pixels, 4 ppb precision, nominal twice-dailyfrequency), and other proposed observing configurations. The informationcontent of the various observing systems is evaluated using the Fisherinformation matrix and its eigenvalues. We find that a week of TROPOMIobservations should provide information on temporally invariant emissions at∼ 30 km spatial resolution. GeoCARB should provide informationavailable on temporally invariant emissions ∼ 2–7 km spatialresolution depending on sampling frequency (hourly to daily). Improvements tothe instrument precision yield greater increases in information content thanimproved sampling frequency. A precision better than 6 ppb is critical forGeoCARB to achieve fine resolution of emissions. Transient emissions would bemissed with either TROPOMI or GeoCARB. An aspirational high-resolutiongeostationary instrument with 1.3 × 1.3 km2 pixel resolution,hourly return time, and 1 ppb precision would effectively constrain thetemporally invariant emissions in the Barnett Shale at the kilometer scaleand provide some information on hourly variability of sources.

Assessing the capability of different satellite observing configurations to resolve the distribution of methane emissions at kilometer scales