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. The westerly wind travelling at high altitudes over eastern Asia transportsaerosols from the Asian deserts and urban areas to downwind areas such asJapan. These long-range-transported aerosols include not only mineralparticles but also microbial particles (bioaerosols), that impact theice-cloud formation processes as ice nuclei. However, the detailed relationsof airborne bacterial dynamics to ice nucleation in high-elevation aerosolshave not been investigated. Here, we used the aerosol particles captured inthe snow cover at altitudes of 2450 m on Mt Tateyama to investigatesequential changes in the ice-nucleation activities and bacterial communitiesin aerosols and elucidate the relationships between the two processes. Afterstratification of the snow layers formed on the walls of a snow pit onMt Tateyama, snow samples, including aerosol particles, were collected from70 layers at the lower (winter accumulation) and upper (spring accumulation)parts of the snow wall. The aerosols recorded in the lower parts mainly camefrom Siberia (Russia), northern Asia and the Sea of Japan, whereas those inthe upper parts showed an increase in Asian dust particles originating fromthe desert regions and industrial coasts of Asia. The snow samples exhibitedhigh levels of ice nucleation corresponding to the increase in Asian dustparticles. Amplicon sequencing analysis using 16S rRNA genes revealed thatthe bacterial communities in the snow samples predominately included plantassociated and marine bacteria (phyla Proteobacteria)during winter, whereas during spring, when dust events arrived frequently,the majority were terrestrial bacteria of phylaActinobacteria and Firmicutes.The relative abundances of Firmicutes (Bacilli) showed a significant positiverelationship with the ice nucleation in snow samples. Presumably, Asian dustevents change the airborne bacterial communities over Mt Tateyama and carryterrestrial bacterial populations, which possibly induce ice-nucleationactivities, thereby indirectly impacting climate change.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Long-range-transported bioaerosols captured in snow cover on Mount Tateyama, Japan: impacts of Asian-dust events on airborne bacterial dynamics relating to ice-nucleation activities