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Understanding the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases is a relevant and extremely topical research area. On the one hand, the complex natural cycles of these gases, their fascinating past variations, and their massive perturbations by humans pose interesting research questions and a need for curiosity-driven ongoing investigations. One the other hand, anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases perturb the climate with far-reaching consequences for natural and socioeconomic systems. This calls for comprehensive research studies to provide relevant, solution-oriented scientific findings to policymakers. The parties of the Paris Agreement, recognizing the threat of dangerous anthropogenic climate interferences, agreed (i) to limit global warming to maximum 2 C and (ii) “to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century”. The major greenhouse gas sources and sinks are reasonably well understood. It is also clear that CO2 emissions from fossil energy use is the dominant driver of humancaused global warming. A significant fraction of these emissions will stay in the atmosphere over many millennia; warm the lower atmosphere and the ocean; and aggravate observed ocean acidification, ocean deoxygenation, and sea level rise. However, in the details there remain many open questions. Which processes led to past abrupt shifts and glacial–interglacial variations in greenhouse gas concentrations, and may similar abrupt shifts happen in the future? What are the drivers of greenhouse gas sources and sinks, and how will the sinks evolve in the future? What observational systems are to be in place to verify reported country-based emission reductions? How can we refine the art of measuring greenhouse gases? What can we learn from carbon isotopes? How will more frequent and severe extreme events such as marine and atmospheric heat waves affect the carbon cycle? How does global warming drive emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from natural ecosystems such as peatand wetlands? How will land management by humans affect greenhouse gas emissions? What are the options to limit and reduce human perturbations of the Earth system? Two conference series – the International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC) and the Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques Conference (GGMT) – provide the interdisciplinary platform to discuss these and related questions. ICDC returned for its anniversary event to its origin, the Bernese area in Switzerland. The first two events of the quadrennial conference series were organized in 1981 in Bern and in 1985 in the village of Kandersteg by Hans Oeschger, Charles David Keeling, and Ulrich Siegenthaler. Meanwhile the seeds of these pioneers in the fields of ice core CO2 reconstructions, atmospheric CO2 measurements, and carbon cycle modeling have matured. The conference has developed into an established platform for the global scientific community for the exchange of the latest scientific results and for the initiation of new collaborations. The conference provides an integrated, interdisciplinary view of the global carbon cycle and

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Preface: The 10th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC10) and the 19th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2017)