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. We profile trace gas and particulate emissions from near-field airbornemeasurements of discrete smoke plumes in Brazil during the 2012 biomassburning season. The South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) Projectconducted during September and October 2012 sampled across two distinct fireregimes prevalent in the Amazon Basin. Combined measurements from a CompactTime-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS) and a Single ParticleSoot Photometer (SP2) are reported for the first time in a tropical biomassburning environment. Emissions from a mostly smouldering tropical forestwildfire in Rondonia state and numerous smaller flaming Cerrado firesin Tocantins state are presented. While the Cerrado fires appear to berepresentative of typical fire conditions in the existing literature, thetropical forest wildfire likely represents a more extreme example of biomassburning with a bias towards mostly smouldering emissions. We determined fire-integratedmodified combustion efficiencies, emission ratios and emissionfactors for trace gas and particulate components for these two fire types,alongside aerosol microphysical properties. Seven times more black carbon wasemitted from the Cerrado fires per unit of fuel combustion (EF BC of 0.13  ±  0.04  g kg−1 ) compared to the tropical forestfire (EF BC of 0.019  ±  0.006  g kg−1 ), and morethan 6 times the amount of organic aerosol was emitted from the tropicalforest fire per unit of fuel combustion (EF OM of8.00  ±  2.53  g kg−1 , EF OC of5.00  ±  1.58  g kg−1 ) compared to the Cerrado fires(EF OM of 1.31  ±  0.42  g kg−1 , EF OC of 0.82  ±  0.26  g kg−1 ). Particulate-phase species emitted from the fires sampled are generally lowerthan those reported in previous studies and in emission inventories, which islikely a combination of differences in fire combustion efficiency and fuelmixture, along with different measurement techniques. Previous modellingstudies focussed on the biomass burning season in tropical South America haverequired significant scaling up of emissions to reproduce in situ andsatellite aerosol concentrations over the region. Our results do not indicatethat emission factors used in inventories are biased low, which could be onepotential cause of the reported underestimates in modelling studies. Thisstudy supplements and updates trace gas and particulate emission factors forfire-type-specific biomass burning in Brazil for use in weather and climatemodels. The study illustrates that initial fire conditions can result insubstantial differences in terms of their emitted chemical components, whichcan potentially perturb the Earth system.