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. Measurements of the concentration and variability of icenucleating particles in the subtropical maritime boundary layer are reported.Filter samples collected in Cabo Verde over the period 2009–2013 areanalyzed with a drop freezing experiment with sensitivity todetect the few rare ice nuclei active at low supercooling. The data set isaugmented with continuous flow diffusion chamber measurements at temperaturesbelow − 24  ∘ C from a 2-month field campaign in Cabo Verde in 2016.The data set is used to address the following questions: what are typicalconcentrations of ice nucleating particles active at a certain temperature?What affects their concentration and where are their sources? Concentrationof ice nucleating particles is found to increase exponentially by 7 orders ofmagnitude from − 5 to − 38  ∘ C. Sample-to-sample variation in thesteepness of the increase indicates that particles of different origin, withdifferent ice nucleation properties (size, composition), contribute to theice nuclei concentration at different temperatures. The concentration of icenuclei active at a specific temperature varies over a range of up to 4 ordersof magnitude. The frequency with which a certain ice nuclei concentration ismeasured within this range is found to follow a lognormaldistribution, which can be explained by random dilution during transport. Toinvestigate the geographic origin of ice nuclei, source attribution of airmasses from dispersion modeling is used to classify the data into seventypical conditions. While no source could be attributed to the ice nucleiactive at temperatures higher than − 12  ∘ C, concentrations at lowertemperatures tend to be elevated in air masses originating from the Sahara.

Concentration and variability of ice nuclei in the subtropical maritime boundary layer