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. This paper investigates frequently occurring foehn in the Dead Sea valley.For the first time, sophisticated, high-resolution measurements wereperformed to investigate the horizontal and vertical flow field. In up to72 % of the days in summer, foehn was observed at the eastern slope of theJudean Mountains around sunset. Furthermore, the results also revealed thatin approximately 10 % of the cases the foehn detached from the slope andonly affected elevated layers of the valley atmosphere. Lidar measurementsshowed that there are two main types of foehn. Type I has a duration ofapproximately 2–3 h and a mean maximum velocity of 5.5 m s −1 and doesnot propagate far into the valley, whereas type II affects the whole valley,as it propagates across the valley to the eastern side. Type II reaches meanmaximum wind velocities of 11 m s −1 and has a duration of about4–5 h. A case study of a type II foehn shows that foehn is initiated by thehorizontal temperature gradient across the mountain range. In theinvestigated case this was caused by an amplified heating and delayed coolingof the valley boundary layer in the afternoon, compared to the upstreamboundary layer over the mountain ridge. The foehn was further intensified bythe advection of cool maritime air masses upstream over the coastal plains,leading to a transition of subcritical to supercritical flow conditionsdownstream and the formation of a hydraulic jump and rotor beneath. Thesefoehn events are of particular importance for the local climatic conditions,as they modify the temperature and humidity fields in the valley and,furthermore, they are important because they enhance evaporation from theDead Sea and influence the aerosol distribution in the valley.

Characteristics and evolution of diurnal foehn events in the Dead Sea valley