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. The spatial and temporal changes in SO2 regimes over China during 2005 to 2016 and their associateddriving mechanism are investigated based on a state-of-the-art retrievaldataset. Climatological SO2 exhibits pronounced seasonal andregional variations, with higher loadings in wintertime and two prominentmaxima centered in the North China Plain and the Cheng-Yu District. In thelast decade, overall SO2 decreasing trends have been reportednationwide, with spatially varying downward rates according to a general rule– the higher the SO2 loading, the more significant the decrease.However, such decline is in fact not monotonic, but instead four distincttemporal regimes can be identified by empirical orthogonal function analysis.After an initial rise at the beginning, SO2 in China undergoes twosharp drops in the periods 2007–2008 and 2014–2016, amid which 5-yearmoderate rebounding is sustained. Despite spatially coherent behaviors,different mechanisms are tied to North China and South China. In North China,the same four regimes are detected in the time series of emission that isexpected to drive the regime of atmospheric SO2 , with a percentageof explained variance amounting to 81 %. Out of total emission, those fromthe industrial sector dominate SO2 variation throughout the wholeperiod, while the role of household emission remains uncertain. In contrastto North China, SO2 emissions in South China exhibit a continuousdescending tendency, due to the coordinated cuts of industrial and householdemissions. As a result, the role of emissions only makes up about 45 % ofthe SO2 variation, primarily owing to the decoupled pathways ofemission and atmospheric content during 2009 to 2013 when the emissionscontinue to decline but atmospheric content witnesses a rebound. Unfavorablemeteorological conditions, including deficient precipitation, weaker windspeed and increased static stability, outweigh the effect of decreasingemissions and thus give rise to the rebound of SO2 during 2009to 2013.

Spatial and temporal changes in SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; regimes over China in the recent decade and the driving mechanism

Spatial and temporal changes in SO<sub>2</sub> regimes over China in the recent decade and the driving mechanism