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. In this paper, measurements of air pollutants made at a ground site near FortMcKay in the Athabasca oil sands region as part of a multi-platform campaignin the summer of 2013 are presented. The observations included measurementsof selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by a gas chromatograph–iontrap mass spectrometer (GC-ITMS). This instrument observed a large,analytically unresolved hydrocarbon peak (with a retention index between 1100and 1700) associated with intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs).However, the activities or processes that contribute to the release of theseIVOCs in the oil sands region remain unclear. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was applied toelucidate major source types impacting the sampling site in the summer of2013. The analysis included 28 variables, including concentrations of totalodd nitrogen ( NOy ), carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), methane( CH4 ), ammonia ( NH3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfurdioxide ( SO2 ), total reduced-sulfur compounds (TRSs), speciatedmonoterpenes (including α - and β -pinene and limonene),particle volume calculated from measured size distributions of particles lessthan 10 and 1  µ m in diameter (PM 10−1 and PM 1 ),particle-surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs), and aerosolmass spectrometer composition measurements, including refractory black carbon(rBC) and organic aerosol components. The PCA was complemented by bivariatepolar plots showing the joint wind speed and direction dependence of airpollutant concentrations to illustrate the spatial distribution of sources inthe area. Using the 95 % cumulative percentage of variance criterion, 10components were identified and categorized by source type. These includedemissions by wet tailing ponds, vegetation, open pit mining operations,upgrader facilities, and surface dust. Three components correlated withIVOCs, with the largest associated with surface mining and likely causedby the unearthing and processing of raw bitumen.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Principal component analysis of summertime ground site measurements in the Athabasca oil sands with a focus on analytically unresolved intermediate-volatility organic compounds