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. The validation of convective processes in global climate models (GCMs) couldbenefit from the use of large datasets that provide long-term climatologiesof the spatial statistics of convection. To that regard, echo top heights(ETHs), convective areas, and frequencies of mesoscale convective systems(MCSs) from 17 years of data from a C-band polarization (CPOL) radar areanalyzed in varying phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) andnorthern Australian monsoon in order to provide ample validation statisticsfor GCM validation. The ETHs calculated using velocity texture andreflectivity provide similar results, showing that the ETHs are insensitiveto various techniques that can be used. Retrieved ETHs are correlated withthose from cloud top heights retrieved by Multifunctional TransportSatellites (MTSATs), showing that the ETHs capture the relative variabilityin cloud top heights over seasonal scales. Bimodal distributions of ETH, likely attributable to the cumulus congestus clouds and mature stages ofconvection, are more commonly observed when the active phase of the MJO isover Australia due to greater mid-level moisture during the active phase ofthe MJO. The presence of a convectively stable layer at around 5 km altitudeover Darwin inhibiting convection past this level can explain the position ofthe modes at around 2–4 km and 7–9 km. Larger cells were observed duringbreak conditions compared to monsoon conditions, but only during the inactivephase of the MJO. The spatial distributions show that Hector, a deepconvective system that occurs almost daily during the wet season over theTiwi Islands, and sea-breeze convergence lines are likely more common inbreak conditions. Oceanic MCSs are more common duringthe night over Darwin. Convective areas were generally smaller and MCSs morefrequent during active monsoon conditions. In general, the MJO is a greatercontrol on the ETHs in the deep convective mode observed over Darwin, withhigher distributions of ETH when the MJO is active over Darwin.

A 17 year climatology of the macrophysical properties of convection in Darwin