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. Measurements of the vertical profiles of the optical properties (namely the extinctioncoefficient and scattering and absorption coefficients respectively σext ∕ σscat ∕ σabs )of aerosols have been made across the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using aninstrumented aircraft operated from three base stations – Jodhpur (JDR),representing the semi-arid western IGP; Varanasi (VNS), the central IGPcharacterized by significant anthropogenic activities; and the industrializedcoastal location in the eastern end of the IGP (Bhubaneswar, BBR) – justprior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. The vertical profilesdepicted region-specific absorption characteristics, while the scatteringcharacteristics remained fairly uniform across the region, leading to awest–east gradient in the vertical structure of single-scatteringalbedo (SSA). Integrated from near the ground to 3 km, the highestabsorption coefficient and hence the lowest SSA occurred in the central IGP(Varanasi). Size distribution, inferred from the spectral variation of thescattering coefficient, showed a gradual shift from coarse-particle dominancein the western IGP to strong accumulation dominance in the eastern coast withthe central IGP coming in between, arising from a change in the aerosol typefrom a predominantly natural (dust and sea salt) type in the western IGP to ahighly anthropogenic type (industrial emissions, fossil fuel and biomasscombustion) in the eastern IGP, with the central IGP exhibiting a mixture ofboth. Aerosol-induced short-wave radiative forcing, estimated usingaltitude-resolved SSA information, revealed significant atmospheric warmingin the central IGP, while a top-of-atmosphere cooling is seen, in general, inthe IGP. Atmospheric heating rate profiles, estimated using altitude-resolvedSSA and column-averaged SSA, revealed considerable underestimation in thelatter case, emphasizing the importance and necessity of havingaltitude-resolved SSA information as against a single value for the entirecolumn.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Large contrast in the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects across the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the SWAAMI–RAWEX campaign