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. The Arctic has rapidly urbanized in recent decades with 2 million peoplecurrently living in more than a hundred cities north of 65 ∘  N. Thesecities have a harsh but sensitive climate and warming here is the principledriver of destructive thawing, water leakages, air pollution and otherdetrimental environmental impacts. This study reports on the urbantemperature anomaly in a typical Arctic city. This persistent warm anomalyreaches up to 11 K in winter with the wintertime mean urban temperaturebeing 1.9 K higher on average in the city center than in the surroundingnatural landscape. An urban temperature anomaly, also known as an urban heatisland (UHI), was found using remote sensing and in situ temperature data.High-resolution (1 km) model experiments run with and without an urbansurface parameterization helped to identify the leading physical andgeographical factors supporting a strong temperature anomaly in a coldclimate. The statistical analysis and modeling suggest that at least50 % of this warm anomaly is caused by the UHI effect, driven mostly bydirect anthropogenic heating, while the rest is created by naturalmicroclimatic variability over the undulating relief of the area. The currentUHI effect can be as large as the projected, and already amplified, warmingfor the region in the 21st century. In contrast to earlier reports, thisstudy found that the wintertime UHI in the Arctic should be largelyattributed to direct anthropogenic heating. This is a strong argument insupport of energy efficiency measures, urban climate change mitigationpolicy and against high-density urban development in polar settlements. Thecomplex pattern of thermal conditions, as revealed in this study, challengesurban planners to account for the observed microclimatic diversity inperspective sustainable development solutions.

Anthropogenic and natural drivers of a strong winter urban heat island in a typical Arctic city