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. In the last several decades, significant efforts have been directed towardbetter understanding the gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions fromaircraft gas turbine engines. However, limited information is available onthe hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine PM emissions which play animportant role in the water absorption, airborne lifetime, obscuring effect,and detrimental health effects of these particles. This paper reports thedescription and detailed lab-based performance evaluation of a robusthygroscopicity tandem differentialmobility analyzer (HTDMA) in terms of hygroscopic properties such as growthfactor (GF) and the hygroscopicity parameter ( κ ). The HTDMA system wassubsequently deployed during the Alternative Aviation FuelEXperiment (AAFEX) II field campaign to measure the hygroscopic properties ofaircraft engine PM emissions in the exhaust plumes from a CFM56-2C1 engineburning several types of fuels. The fuels used were conventional JP-8,tallow-based hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer–Tropsch,a blend of HEFA and JP-8, and Fischer–Tropsch doped with tetrahydrothiophene(an organosulfur compound). It was observed that GF and κ  increasedwith fuel sulfur content and engine thrust condition, and decreased withincreasing dry particle diameter. The highest GF and κ  values werefound in the smallest particles, typically those with diameters of 10 nm.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Application of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer for characterizing PM emissions in exhaust plumes from an aircraft engine burning conventional and alternative fuels