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. During the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry(DC3) experiment the National Science Foundation/National Center forAtmospheric Research Gulfstream V (GV) aircraft sampled the upper anvils oftwo storms that developed in eastern Colorado on 6 June 2012. A cloudparticle imager (CPI) mounted on the GV aircraft recorded images of icecrystals at altitudes of 12.0 to 12.4 km and temperatures ( T ) from −61 to − 55  ∘ C.A total of 22 393 CPI crystal images were analyzed, all with maximumdimension ( D max⁡ ) 433 µ m and with an average Dmax⁡ of 80.7±45.4 µ m. The occurrence of well-defined pristine crystals(e.g., columns and plates) was less than 0.04 % by number. Single frozendroplets and frozen droplet aggregates (FDAs) were the dominant habits withfractions of 73.0 % (by number) and 46.3 % (by projected area),respectively. The relative frequency of occurrence of single frozen dropletsand FDAs depended on temperature and position within the anvil cloud. A new algorithm that uses the circle Hough transform technique was developedto automatically identify the number, size, and relative position of elementfrozen droplets within FDAs. Of the FDAs, 42.0 % had two element frozendroplets with an average of 4.7±5.0 element frozen droplets. Thefrequency of occurrence gradually decreased with the number of element frozendroplets. Based on the number, size, and relative position of the elementfrozen droplets within the FDAs, possible three-dimensional (3-D)realizations of FDAs were generated and characterized by two different shapeparameters, the aggregation index (AI) and the fractal dimension ( Df ),that describe 3-D shapes and link to scattering properties with anassumption of spherical shape of element frozen droplets. The AI of FDAsdecreased with an increase in the number of element frozen droplets, withlarger FDAs with more element frozen droplets having more compact shapes.The Df of FDAs was about 1.20–1.43 smaller than that of black carbon(BC) aggregates (1.53–1.85) determined in previous studies. Such a smaller Df of FDAs indicates that FDAs have more linear chain-like branchedshapes than the compact shapes of BC aggregates. Determined morphologicalcharacteristics of FDAs along with the proposed reconstructed 3-Drepresentations of FDAs in this study have important implications forimproving the calculations of the microphysical (e.g., fall velocity) and radiative(e.g., asymmetry parameter) properties of ice crystals in upper anvilclouds.

Microphysical characteristics of frozen droplet aggregates from deep convective clouds