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. Recurring transboundary haze from Indonesian wildfires in previousdecades significantly elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations inSoutheast Asia. During that event on 10 to 31 October 2015, we conducted areal-time observation of non-refractory submicron PM (NR-PM 1 ) inSingapore using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Simultaneously, wecharacterized carbonaceous components and organic aerosol (OA) tracers fromfine PM (PM 2.5 ) samples to support source apportionment of the onlinemeasurements. The real-time analysis demonstrated that OA accounted forapproximately 80 % of NR-PM 1 mass during the wildfire haze period.Source apportionment analysis applied to the OA mass spectra using themultilinear-engine (ME-2) approach resulted in four factors: hydrocarbon-likeOA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), peat burning OA (PBOA), and oxygenatedOA (OOA). The OOA can be considered as a surrogate of both secondary organicaerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA), while the otherfactors are considered as surrogates of primary organic aerosol (POA). TheOOA accounted for approximately 50 % of the total OA mass in NR-PM 1 ,while POA subtypes from wildfires (BBOA and PBOA) contributed toapproximately 30 % of the total OA mass. Our findings highlight theimportance of atmospheric chemical processes, which likely include POAoxidation and SOA formation from oxidation of gaseous precursors, to the OOAconcentration. As this research could not separately quantify the POAoxidation and SOA formation processes, further studies should attempt toinvestigate the contribution of gaseous precursor oxidation and POA aging tothe OOA formation in wildfire plumes.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Dominant contribution of oxygenated organic aerosol to haze particles from real-time observation in Singapore during an Indonesian wildfire event in 2015