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. Accelerating surface melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has led to adoubling of Greenland's contribution to global sea level rise during recentdecades. Black carbon (BC), dust, and other light-absorbing impurities (LAIs)darken the surface and enhance snowmelt by boosting the absorption of solarenergy. It is therefore important for coupled aerosol–climate and ice sheetmodels to include snow darkening effects from LAI, and yet most do not. Inthis study, we conduct several thousand simulations with the Community LandModel (CLM) component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) tocharacterize changes in melt runoff due to variations in the amount, timing,and nature (wet or dry) of BC deposition on the GrIS. From this large matrixof simulations, we develop a kernel relating runoff to the location, month,year (from 2006 to 2015), and magnitudes of BC concentration withinprecipitation and dry deposition flux. BC deposition during June–Augustcauses the largest increase in annually integrated runoff, but winterdeposition events also exert large (roughly half as great) runoffperturbations due to reexposure of impurities at the snow surface duringsummer melt. Current BC deposition fluxes simulated with the atmospherecomponent of CESM induce a climatological-mean increase in GrIS-wide runoffof ∼  8 Gt yr −1 , or +6.8  % relative to a paired simulationwithout BC deposition. We also provide linear equations that relate theincrease in total runoff to GrIS-wide wet and dry BC deposition fluxes. It isour hope that the runoff kernel and simple equations provided here can beused to extend the utility of state-of-the-art aerosol models.

Investigating the impact of aerosol deposition on snowmelt over the Greenland Ice Sheet using a large-ensemble kernel