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. Volcanic sulfate aerosol is an important source of sulfur forAntarctica, where other local sources of sulfur are rare. Midlatitude and high-latitude volcanic eruptions can directly influence the aerosol budget of thepolar stratosphere. However, tropical eruptions can also enhance polaraerosol load following long-range transport. In the present work, we analyzethe volcanic plume of a tropical eruption, Mount Merapi in 2010, andinvestigate the transport pathway of the volcanic aerosol from the tropicaltropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere over Antarctica. We use theLagrangian particle dispersion model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations(MPTRAC) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) SO2 measurementsto reconstruct the altitude-resolved SO2 injection time seriesduring the explosive eruption period and simulate the transport of thevolcanic plume using the MPTRAC model. AIRS SO2 and aerosolmeasurements, the aerosol cloud index values provided by MichelsonInterferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), are used to verifyand complement the simulations. The Lagrangian transport simulation of thevolcanic plume is compared with MIPAS aerosol measurements and shows goodagreement. Both the simulations and the observations presented in this studysuggest that volcanic plumes from the Merapi eruption were transported to thesouth of 60 ∘  S 1 month after the eruption and even further toAntarctica in the following months. This relatively fast meridional transportof volcanic aerosol was mainly driven by quasi-horizontal mixing from the TTLto the extratropical lower stratosphere, and most of the quasi-horizontalmixing occurred between the isentropic surfaces of 360 to 430 K. When theplume went to Southern Hemisphere high latitudes, the polar vortex wasdisplaced from the South Pole, so that the volcanic plume was carried to theSouth Pole without penetrating the polar vortex. Although only 4 % of thesulfur injected by the Merapi eruption was transported into the lowerstratosphere south of 60 ∘  S, the Merapi eruption contributed up to8800 t of sulfur to the Antarctic lower stratosphere. This indicates thatthe long-range transport under favorable meteorological conditions enables amoderate tropical volcanic eruption to be an important remote source ofsulfur for the Antarctic stratosphere.

Long-range transport of volcanic aerosol from the 2010 Merapi tropical eruption to Antarctica