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. Despite the importance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) for climate andprecipitation, our understanding of these particles is far from complete.Here, we investigated INPs at three coastal marine sites in Canada, two atmid-latitude (Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea) and one in the Arctic(Lancaster Sound). For Amphitrite Point, 23 sets of samples were analyzed,and for Labrador Sea and Lancaster Sound, one set of samples was analyzed foreach location. At all three sites, the ice-nucleating ability on a per numberbasis (expressed as the fraction of aerosol particles acting as an INP) wasstrongly dependent on the particle size. For example, at diameters of around0.2  µ m, approximately 1 in 10 6 particles acted as an INPat −25 ∘ C, while at diameters of around 8  µ m, approximately1 in 10 particles acted as an INP at −25 ∘ C. Theice-nucleating ability on a per surface-area basis (expressed as the surfaceactive site density, ns ) was also dependent on the particle size,with larger particles being more efficient at nucleating ice. The ns values of supermicron particles at Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea werelarger than previously measured ns values of sea spray aerosols,suggesting that sea spray aerosols were not a major contributor to thesupermicron INP population at these two sites. Consistent with thisobservation, a global model of INP concentrations under-predicted the INPconcentrations when assuming only marine organics as INPs. On the other hand,assuming only K-feldspar as INPs, the same model was able to reproduce themeasurements at a freezing temperature of −25 ∘ C, butunder-predicted INP concentrations at −15 ∘ C, suggestingthat the model is missing a source of INPs active at a freezing temperatureof −15 ∘ C.

Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites