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. Haze has been severely affecting the densely populated areas in Chinarecently. While many of the efforts have been devoted to investigating theimpact of local anthropogenic emission, limited attention has been paid tothe contribution from long-range transport. In this study, we applysimulations from six participating models supplied through the Task Force onHemispheric Transport of Air Pollution phase 2 (HTAP2) exercise toinvestigate the long-range transport impact of Europe (EUR) andRussia–Belarus–Ukraine (RBU) on the surface air quality in eastern Asia(EAS), with special focus on their contributions during the haze episodes inChina. The impact of 20 % anthropogenic emission perturbation from thesource region is extrapolated by a factor of 5 to estimate the full impact.We find that the full impacts from EUR and RBU are 0.99  µg m−3 (3.1 %) and 1.32  µg m−3 (4.1 %) during haze episodes,while the annual averaged full impacts are only 0.35  µg m−3 (1.7 %) and 0.53  µg m−3 (2.6 %). By estimating the aerosolresponse within and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL), we find thatlong-range transport from EUR within the PBL contributes to 22–38 % of thetotal column density of aerosol response in EAS. Comparison with the HTAPphase 1 (HTAP1) assessment reveals that from 2000 to 2010, the long-rangetransport from Europe to eastern Asia has decreased significantly by a factorof 2–10 for surface aerosol mass concentration due to the simultaneousemission reduction in source regions and emission increase in the receptorregion. We also find the long-range transport from the Europe and RBU regionsincreases the number of haze events in China by 0.15 % and 0.11 %, andthe North China Plain and southeastern China has 1–3 extra haze days (  %). This study is the first investigation into the contribution oflong-range transport to haze in China with multi-model experiments.

Long-range transport impacts on surface aerosol concentrations and the contributions to haze events in China: an HTAP2 multi-model study