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. In this study, ship-based multi-axis differential opticalabsorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were performed in the EastChina Sea (ECS) area in June 2017. The tropospheric slant column densities(SCDs) of nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ), sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ), andformaldehyde (HCHO) were retrieved from the measured spectra using thedifferential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Using thesimple geometric approach, the SCDs of different trace gases observed at a15 ∘ elevation angle were adopted to convert into troposphericvertical column densities (VCDs). During this campaign, the averaged VCDs of NO2 , SO2 , and HCHO in the marine environment over the ECS area are 6.50×1015 , 4.28×1015 , and 7.39×1015  molec cm −2 , respectively. Inaddition, the ship-based MAX-DOAS trace gas VCDs were compared withsatellite observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Ozone Mappingand Profiler Suite (OMPS). The daily OMI NO2 VCDs agreed well withship-based MAX-DOAS measurements showing the correlation coefficient R of0.83. In addition, the good agreements of SO2 and HCHO VCDs between the OMPSsatellite and ship-based MAX-DOAS observations were also found, withcorrelation coefficients R of 0.76 and 0.69. The vertical profiles of thesetrace gases are achieved from the measured differential slant columndensities (DSCDs) at different elevation angles using the optimal estimationmethod. The retrieved profiles displayed the typical vertical distributioncharacteristics, which exhibit low concentrations of , , and  ppbv for NO2 , SO2 , and HCHO in a cleanarea of the marine boundary layer far from coast of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) continental region. Interestingly, elevated SO2 concentrations canbe observed intermittently along the ship routes, which is mainly attributedto the vicinal ship emissions in the view of the MAX-DOAS measurements.Combined with the on-board ozone lidar measurements, the ozone ( O3 )formation was discussed with the vertical profile of the HCHO∕NO2 ratio,which is sensitive to increases in NO2 concentration. This studyprovided further understanding of the main air pollutants in the marineboundary layer of the ECS area and also benefited the formulation of policiesregulating the shipping emissions in such costal areas like the YRD region.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Tropospheric NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, and HCHO over the East China Sea, using ship-based MAX-DOAS observations and comparison with OMI and OMPS satellite data