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. To improve the simulation of the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and NOx in the presence of authentic mineral dust particlesunder ambient environmental conditions, the explicit kinetic mechanisms wereconstructed in the Atmospheric Mineral Aerosol Reaction (AMAR) model. Theformation of sulfate and nitrate was divided into three phases: the gas phase,the non-dust aqueous phase, and the dust phase. In particular, AMAR established themechanistic role of dust chemical characteristics (e.g., photoactivation,hygroscopicity, and buffering capacity) in heterogeneous chemistry. Thephotoactivation kinetic process of different dust particles was built intothe model by measuring the photodegradation rate constant of an impregnatedsurrogate (malachite green dye) on a dust filter sample (e.g., Arizona testdust – ATD – and Gobi Desert dust – GDD) using an online reflectiveUV–visible spectrometer. The photoactivation parameters were integrated withthe heterogeneous chemistry to predict the formation of reactive oxygenspecies on dust surfaces. A mathematical equation for the hygroscopicity ofdust particles was also included in the AMAR model to process the multiphasepartitioning of trace gases and in-particle chemistry. The buffering capacityof dust, which is related to the neutralization of dust alkaline carbonateswith inorganic acids, was included in the model to dynamically predict thehygroscopicity of aged dust. The AMAR model simulated the formation ofsulfate and nitrate using experimental data obtained in the presence ofauthentic mineral dust under ambient sunlight using a large outdoor smogchamber (University of Florida AtmosphericPhotochemical Outdoor Reactor, UF-APHOR). Overall, the influence of GDD on the heterogeneouschemistry was much greater than that of ATD. Based on the model analysis, GDDenhanced the sulfate formation mainly via its high photoactivationcapability. In the case of NO2 oxidation, dust-phase nitrateformation is mainly regulated by the buffering capacity of dust. The measuredbuffering capacity of GDD was 2 times greater than that of ATD, andconsequently, the maximum nitrate concentration with GDD was nearly 2 timeshigher than that with ATD. The model also highlights that in urban areas withhigh NOx concentrations, hygroscopic nitrate salts quicklyform via titration of the carbonates in the dust particles, but inthe presence of SO2 , the nitrate salts are gradually depleted bythe formation of sulfate.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Simulation of heterogeneous photooxidation of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in the presence of Gobi Desert dust particles under ambient sunlight