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. Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) areemitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Theirenvironmental cycling through wet deposition has hardly been studied. Freshsnow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surfacesnow from a remote site in Svalbard, were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 8 OPAHs, and11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as wellas nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied forthe first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavengingmechanisms, the particulate mass fractions ( θ ) at 273 K werepredicted using a multi-phase gas-particle partitioning model based onpolyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑ NPAH concentrationswere 1.2–17.6 and 8.8–19.1 ng L −1 at urban and rural sites, whereas ∑ OPAHs were 79.8–955.2 and 343.3–1757.4 ng L −1 at these sites,respectively. 9,10-anthraquinone was predominant in snow aqueous andparticulate phases. NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. AmongNMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levelsfound for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported inthe 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑ N/OPAHs and ∑ NMAHswere found at the remote site (3.5 and 390.5 ng L −1 , respectively).N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordancewith predicted θ , whereas NMAHs were predominant in the aqueous phase,regardless of θ . It is concluded that the phase distribution ofnon-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioningprior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phasesubstances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particlepartitioning in the aerosol and dissolution during in- or below-cloudscavenging.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic