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. The microphysical properties, composition and mixing state of mineral dust,sea salt and secondary compounds were measured by active and passive aerosolsampling, followed by electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence in theCaribbean marine boundary layer. Measurements were carried out at RaggedPoint, Barbados during June–July 2013 and August 2016. Techniques arepresented and evaluated, which allow for statements on atmospheric aerosolconcentrations and aerosol mixing state based on collected samples. It becameobvious that in the diameter range with the highest dust deposition thedeposition velocity models disagree by more than 2 orders of magnitude.Aerosol at Ragged Point was dominated by dust, sea salt and soluble sulfatesin varying proportions. The contribution of sea salt was dependent on local windspeed. Sulfate concentrations were linked to long-range transport from Africa and Europe, andSouth America and the southern Atlantic Ocean. Dust sources werelocated in western Africa. The dust silicate composition was notsignificantly varied. Pure feldspar grains were 3 % of the silicate particles, of which about a third were K-feldspar. The average dustdepositionobserved was 10 mg m −2  d −1 (range of 0.5–47 mg m −2  d −1) , ofwhich 0.67 mg m −2  d −1 was iron and 0.001 mg m −2  d −1 phosphorus. Iron deposition was mainly driven by silicate particles fromAfrica. Dust particles were mixed internally to a minor fraction (10 %),mostly with sea salt and less frequently with sulfate. It was estimated thatthe average dust deposition velocity under ambient conditions is increased by theinternal mixture by 30 %–140 % for particles between 1 and 10  µ mdust aerodynamic diameter, with approximately 35 % at the mass mediandiameter of deposition (7.0  µ m). For this size, an effectivedeposition velocity of 6.4 mm s −1 (geometric standard deviation of 3.1 over allindividual particles) was observed.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Composition and mixing state of atmospheric aerosols determined by electron microscopy: method development and application to aged Saharan dust deposition in the Caribbean boundary layer