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. New particle formation (NPF) provides a large source ofatmospheric aerosols, which affect the climate and human health. In recent chamber studies, ion-induced nucleation (IIN) has been discovered as an important pathway of formingparticles; however, atmospheric investigationremains incomplete. For this study, we investigated the air anioncompositions in the boreal forest in southern Finland for three consecutive springs, witha special focus on H2SO4 - NH3 anion clusters. We foundthat the ratio between the concentrations of highly oxygenated organicmolecules (HOMs) and H2SO4 controlled the appearance of H2SO4 - NH3 clusters ( 3 n o . S 13 ): all suchclusters were observed when [HOM]  ∕  [ H2SO4 ] was smaller than30. The number of H2SO4 molecules in the largest observablecluster correlated with the probability of ion-induced nucleation (IIN)occurrence, which reached almost 100 % when the largest observablecluster contained six or more H2SO4 molecules. During selectedcases when the time evolution of H2SO4 - NH3 clusterscould be tracked, the calculated ion growth rates exhibited good agreementacross measurement methods and cluster (particle) sizes. In these cases, H2SO4 - NH3 clusters alone could explain ion growth up to3 nm (mobility diameter). IIN events also occurred in the absence of H2SO4 - NH3 , implying that other NPF mechanisms also prevail at this site, most likely involving HOMs. It seems that H2SO4 and HOMs both affect the occurrence of an IIN event, buttheir ratio ([HOMs]  ∕  [ H2SO4 ]) defines the primary mechanismof the event. Since that ratio is strongly influenced by solar radiation andtemperature, the IIN mechanism ought to vary depending on conditions and seasons.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

The role of H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-NH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; anion clusters in ion-induced aerosol nucleation mechanisms in the boreal forest