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. Based on the high-resolution measurement of black carbon (BC) at theQomolangma (Mt. Everest) Station (QOMS, 28.36∘ N, 86.95∘ E,4276 m a.s.l.) from 15 May 2015 to 31 May 2017, we investigated theseasonal and diurnal variations in BC and its potential source regions. Bothmonthly and daily mean BC concentrations reached the highest values in thepre-monsoon season and the lowest values in the monsoon season. The highestmonthly and daily mean BC concentrations were at least 1 order of magnitudehigher than the lowest concentrations. For the diurnal variation, the BCconcentrations remained significantly high from late at night to morning inthe pre-monsoon season. Meanwhile, the westerly winds prevailed during thisperiod, implying the potential for pollutants to be transported across theHimalayas from long-distance sources to QOMS along the valley. In the monsoonseason, the BC concentrations remained low but peaked in the morning and atnoon, which might be caused by local emissions from cooking. Byanalyzing the simulation results from the backward trajectories of air massesand the fire spot distribution from the MODIS data, we found that theseasonal cycle of BC was significantly influenced by the atmosphericcirculation and combustion intensity in the Mt. Everest region. The transportmechanisms of BC were further revealed using a WRF-Chem simulation duringsevere pollution episodes. For the pollution event in the monsoon season, BCaerosols in southern Asia were uplifted and transported to the Mt. Everestregion by the southerly winds in the upper atmosphere. However, for theevents in the pre-monsoon season, BC from northern India was transported andconcentrated on the southern slope of the Himalayas by the northwesterlywinds in the lower atmosphere and then transported across the Himalayas bythe mountain-valley wind. A relatively smaller amount of BC from northwesternIndia and central Asia was transported to the Mt. Everest region by thewesterly winds in the upper atmosphere.

Concentration, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon in the Mt. Everest region retrieved by real-time observation and simulation