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. Highly oxygenated multifunctional compounds (HOMs) play a keyrole in new particle formation (NPF), but their quantitative roles indifferent environments of the globe have not been well studied yet. FrequentNPF events were observed at two “flagship” stations under differentenvironmental conditions, i.e. a remote boreal forest site (SMEAR II) inFinland and a suburban site (SORPES) in polluted eastern China. Theaveraged formation rate of 6 nm particles and the growth rate of 6–30 nmparticles were 0.3 cm −3  s −1 and 4.5 nm h −1 at SMEAR IIcompared to 2.3 cm −3  s −1 and 8.7 nm h −1 at SORPES,respectively. To explore the differences of NPF at the two stations, the HOMconcentrations and NPF events at two sites were simulated with the MALTE-BOXmodel, and their roles in NPF and particle growth in the two distinctlydifferent environments are discussed. The model provides an acceptableagreement between the simulated and measured concentrations of sulfuric acidand HOMs at SMEAR II. The sulfuric acid and HOM organonitrate concentrationsare significantly higher but other HOM monomers and dimers from monoterpeneoxidation are lower at SORPES compared to SMEAR II. The model simulates theNPF events at SMEAR II with a good agreement but underestimates the growth ofnew particles at SORPES, indicating a dominant role of anthropogenicprocesses in the polluted environment. HOMs from monoterpene oxidationdominate the growth of ultrafine particles at SMEAR II while sulfuric acidand HOMs from aromatics oxidation play a more important role in particle growth.This study highlights the distinct roles of sulfuric acid and HOMs in NPF andparticle growth in different environmental conditions and suggests the needfor molecular-scale measurements in improving the understanding of NPFmechanisms in polluted areas like eastern China.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Modelling studies of HOMs and their contributions to new particle formation and growth: comparison of boreal forest in Finland and a polluted environment in China