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. Open biomass burning (OBB) has significant impacts on airpollution, climate change and potential human health. OBB has gathered wideattention but with little focus on the annual variation of pollutantemission. Central and eastern China (CEC) is one of the most pollutedregions in China. This study aims to provide a state-of-the-art estimationof the pollutant emissions from OBB in CEC from 2003 to 2015, by adoptingthe satellite observation dataset – the burned area product (MCD64Al) and theactive fire product (MCD14 ML) – along with local biomass data (updated biomass loadingdata and high-resolution vegetation data) and local emission factors. Thesuccessful adoption of the double satellite dataset for long-term estimation ofpollutants from OBB with a high spatial resolution can support the assessingof OBB on regional air quality, especially for harvest periods or dryseasons. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of annual OBB managementpolicies in different regions. Here, monthly emissions of pollutants wereestimated and allocated into a 1×1  km spatial grid for four types ofOBB including grassland, shrubland, forest and cropland. From 2003 to 2015,the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning had an annualfluctuation, whereas the emissions from crop straw burning steadilyincreased. The cumulative emissions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon(EC), methane ( CH4 ), nitric oxide ( NOx ), non-methane volatileorganic compounds (NMVOCs), sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ), ammonia ( NH3 ),carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and fine particles(PM 2.5 ) were 3.64×103 , 2.87×102 , 3.05×103 , 1.82×103 , 6.4×103 , 2.12×102 , 4.67×102 , 4.59×104 , 9.39×105 and 4.13×103  Gg in these years,respectively. Crop straw burning was the largest contributor for allpollutant emissions, by 84 %–96 %. For the forest, shrubland andgrassland fire burning, forest fire burning emissions contributed the most,and emissions from grassland fire were negligible due to little grass coveragein this region. High pollutant emissions concentrated in the connection areaof Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, with emission intensity higher than100 tons per square kilometer, which was related to the frequentagricultural activities in these regions. Peak emission of pollutantsoccurred during summer and autumn harvest periods including May, June, Septemberand October, during which ∼50  % of the total pollutantemissions were emitted in these months. This study highlights the importanceof controlling the crop straw burning emissions. From December to March, thecrop residue burning emissions decreased, while the emissions from forest,shrubland and grassland exhibited their highest values, leading to anothersmall peak in emissions of pollutants. Obvious regional differences in seasonalvariations of OBB were observed due to different local biomass types andenvironmental conditions. Rural population, agricultural output, economiclevels, local burning habits, social customs and management policies wereall influencing factors for OBB emissions.

Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in central and eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation